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CWNP Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Sample Questions (Q185-Q190):
NEW QUESTION # 185
Prior to a retransmission what happens to the CWmax value?
- A. Set to the value of the AIFSN
- B. Reset to 0
- C. Doubles and increases by 1
- D. Increases by 1
Answer: C
Explanation:
Before a retransmission, the CWmax (Contention Window maximum) value doubles and increases by 1. The CWmax is a parameter that determines the upper limit of the random backoff time that a STA (station) has to wait before attempting to access the medium. The random backoff time is chosen from a range of values between CWmin (Contention Window minimum) and CWmax. The CWmin and CWmax values depend on the AC (Access Category) of the traffic and the PHY type of the STA. If a transmission fails due to a collision or an error, the STA has to retransmit the frame after waiting for another random backoff time. However, to reduce the probability of another collision, the STA increases its CWmax value by doubling it and adding 1.
This increases the range of possible backoff values and spreads out the STAs more evenly. The STA resets its CWmax value to its original value after a successful transmission or after reaching a predefined limit.
NEW QUESTION # 186
Which one of the following is not a valid acknowledgement frame?
- A. CTS
- B. Ack
- C. RTS
- D. Block Ack
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
RTS is not a valid acknowledgement frame. RTS stands for Request To Send, and it is a control frame that is used to initiate an RTS/CTS exchange before sending a data frame. The purpose of an RTS/CTS exchange is to reserve the medium for a data transmission and avoid collisions with hidden nodes. An acknowledgement frame is a control frame that is used to confirm the successful reception of a data frame or a block of data frames. The valid acknowledgement frames are CTS (Clear To Send), Ack (Acknowledgement), and Block Ack (Block Acknowledgement) . References: CWAP-404 Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 6: MAC Sublayer Frame Exchanges, page 186; CWAP-404 Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 6: MAC Sublayer Frame Exchanges, page 187; CWAP-404 Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 6: MAC Sublayer Frame Exchanges, page 189; CWAP-404 Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 6: MAC Sublayer Frame Exchanges, page 190.
NEW QUESTION # 187
An RST frame should be acknowledged by which frame?
- A. CTS
- B. Ack
- C. RTS-Ack
- D. Block Ack
Answer: A
Explanation:
An RTS (Request to Send) frame should be acknowledged by a CTS (Clear to Send) frame. An RTS and CTS frame are types of control frames that are used to implement a virtual carrier sense mechanism called RTS/CTS. RTS/CTS is a technique that helps to avoid collisions and hidden node problems in wireless transmissions. When a STA (station) wants to send a data frame, it first sends an RTS frame to the intended receiver, indicating the duration of the transmission. The receiver then responds with a CTS frame, also indicating the duration of the transmission. The other STAs in the vicinity hear either the RTS or the CTS frame and update their NAV (Network Allocation Vector) timers accordingly, deferring their access to the medium until the transmission is over. The sender then sends the data frame, followed by an ACK (Acknowledgement) frame from the receiver. The other options are not correct, as they are not used to acknowledge an RTS frame. An ACK frame is used to acknowledge a data frame, not an RTS frame. An RTS-Ack frame does not exist, as there is no such type of control frame in 802.11. A Block Ack (BA) frame is used to acknowledge multiple data frames in a single frame, not an RTS frame.
NEW QUESTION # 188
A client is operating in an unstable RF environment. Out of five data frames transmitted to the client it only receives four. The client sends a Block Ack to acknowledge the receipt of these four frames but due to frame corruption the Block Ack is not received by the AP. Which frames will be retransmitted'
- A. Both the corrupted data and Block Ack
- B. All data frames
- C. Only the data frame which was corrupted
- D. Only the Block Ack
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
All data frames will be retransmitted in this scenario. This is because the AP uses a Block Ack (BA) mechanism to acknowledge the receipt of multiple data frames from a client in a single frame. The BA contains a bitmap that indicates which data frames were received correctly and which were not. If the BA is not received by the AP due to frame corruption, the AP will assume that none of the data frames were received by the client and will retransmit all of them. The other options are not correct, as they do not account for the loss of the BA or the use of the bitmap. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-404], Chapter 6: 802.11 Frame Exchanges, page 167-168
NEW QUESTION # 189
When would you expect to see a Reassociation Request frame?
- A. Only when a STA roams back to an AP it has previously been associated with
- B. Every time a STA associates to an AP to which it has previously been associated
- C. Only when a STA is using FT roaming
- D. Every time a STA roams
Answer: D
Explanation:
A Reassociation Request frame is sent every time a STA roams from one AP to another within the same ESS. A Reassociation Request frame is similar to an Association Request frame, but it also contains the BSSID of the current AP that the STA is leaving. This allows the new AP to coordinate with the old AP and transfer the STA's context information, such as security keys, QoS parameters, and buffered frames. This way, the STA can maintain its connectivity and session continuity during roaming.
NEW QUESTION # 190
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